Gross pathology of Atherosclerosis in Aorta

Atherosclerosis is the process in which deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery "Plaque".

Distribution of atheromatous plaques:

•  Lower descending aorta {ostia of the major branches}
•  First 3 inches of coronary arteries
•  Descending aorta
•  Internal carotids
•  Circle of Willis
•  Leg arteries

This image shows Atheroscleosis of Aorta; the aorta was opned along the posterior wall . Numerous calcified and ulcerated, yellow atherosclerotic plaques (arrows) dot the inner surface. Note the narrowed aorta above the iliac bifurcation. It is calcified, stenotic and lined by clotted blood.

Clinical Consequences of Atheromatous plaques include:
* Occlusion
* Vessel rupture
* Aneurysmal dissection

Laser surgery Norwich, Norfolk, UK

CO2 laser surgery for rhinophyma. Removal of moles, lumps, cysts and skin tags with laser in Norfolk, UK.

Mnemonic for Causes of pancytopenia

Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of each type of peripheral blood cell. A reduction in all 3 types of cellular components in peripheral blood is termed pancytopenia and this involves anaemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.

"All my blood has taken some poison"

• Aplastic anemias
• Megaloblastic anemias
• Bone marrow infiltration
• Hypersplenism
• TB
• SLE
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Initially, mild impairment in marrow function is inapparent and pancytopenia may become apparent only during times of stress or increased demand (e.g., bleeding or infection). More
severe degrees of cytopenias affect the peripheral blood count even in the steady state.

Severe pancytopenia is defined as follows :
i)Absolute neutrophil count < 500/mm3
ii)Platelet count < 20,000/mm3
iii) Corrected reticulocyte count < 1%

The peripheral smear shows pancytopenia with circulating blasts "High power"

Wound Healing Phases

A video showing the phases of normal wound healing