Thursday, 3 February 2011

Stages of RBC`s production

This picture which shows the exact conversion process starting from the hemoblast & ending up with the erythrocyte. click for enlargment

The Erythrocyte production or "Erythropoiesis" begins when a hemocytoblast descendant called a Myeloid Stem Cell is transformed into proerythroblast, which in turn gives arise to the early (basophilic) erythroblasts that produce huge numbers of ribosomes, During these first 2 phases, the cells divide many times.
The Hemoglobin synthesis & iron accumulation occurs as the early erythroblast is transformed into a Late Erythroblast. The color of the cell cytoblasm changes as the Blue-Staining Ribosomes becomes masked by the pink color of Hemoglobin, In this stage & when the last cell produced "Normoblast" accumulates hemoglobin in a concentration of around 34%, most of its organelles are ejected, In addition, it’s nuclear functions ends & is pinched off. This will lead to cell collapsion "To Inward Direction" & will take at the end the bioconcave shape, so the result after assuming the bioconcave shape will be the what is called "The Reticulocyte" , those reticulocytes are considered to be the young erythrocytes which are holding that name because they still contain a network of clumped ribosomes & rough endoplasmic reticulum.
All the entire process from forming the hemocytoblast untill forming the reticulocyte will take around 3 to 5 days, The filled reticulocytes almost are filled to bursting with hemoglobin, then those reticulocytes filled with hemoglobin will enter the blood stream to begin their functions & tasks in oxygen transport. Usually they become fully matured eryhthrocytes whithin 2 days of the release of the reticulocytes, as the reticulocytes ribosomes are degraded by intracellular enzymes.

Primary closed rhinoplasty

Wednesday, 2 February 2011

Cystic Tumors of the Kidney

Satellite cells in skeletal muscle proliferate and regeneration

A 5-year-old boy sustains a tear in his gastrocnemius muscle when he is involved in a bicycle accident. Regeneration of the muscle will occur through which of the following?
a.Differentiation of satellite cells
b.Dedifferentiation of myocytes into myoblasts
c.Fusion of damaged myofibers to form new myotubes
d.Hyperplasia of existing myofibers
e.Differentiation of fibroblasts to form myocytes

 The answer is a.
Satellite cells in skeletal muscle proliferate and reconstitute the damaged part of the myofibers. They are supportive cells for maintenance of muscle and a source of new myofibers after injury or after increased load. There is no dedifferentiation of myocytes into myoblasts (answer b), or fusion of damaged myofibers to form new myotubes (answer c). Hypertrophy, not hyperplasia
(answer d),occurs in existing myofibers in response to increased load.


Proliferation of fibroblasts may occur in the damaged area but leads to fibrosis, not repair of skeletal muscle. Fibroblasts do not differentiate into myocytes (answer e). The multinucleate organization of skeletal muscle is derived developmentally by fusion and not by amitosis (failure of cytokinesis after DNA synthesis). Mitotic activity is terminated after fusion occurs. In the
development of skeletal muscle, myoblasts of mesodermal origin undergo cell proliferation. Myocyte cell division ceases soon after birth. Myoblasts, which are mononucleate cells, fuse with each other end to end to form myotubes. This process requires cell recognition between myoblasts, alignment, and subsequent fusion.